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Mitosis
The process of nuclear division in cells that produces daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell.
Amino acid
Any of a class of 20 molecules that are combined to form proteins in living things.
Hybrid
The offspring of genetically different parents.
Mutation
Any heritable change in DNA sequence.
Centromere
A specialized chromosome region to which spindle fibers attach during cell division.
Autosome
A chromosome not involved in sex determination.
Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)
A vector used to clone DNA fragments (100- to 300-kb insert size; average, 150 kb) in Escherichia coli cells.
Birth defect
Any harmful trait, physical or biochemical, present at birth, whether a result of a genetic mutation or some other nongenetic factor.
Risk communication
In genetics, a process in which a genetic counselor or other medical professional interprets genetic test results and advises patients of the consequences for them and their offspring.
Identical twin
Twins produced by the division of a single zygote; both have identical genotypes.
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